秦汉与罗马:评较中西的皇朝帝国



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  • Home
    • Sunny Y. Auyang
  • Cultural Comparison
    • The first age of empires
    • The rise and fall
    • Symbolisms
    • The founding emperors
    • Armies and Soldiers
    • Coinage and Economy
    • Cities and Housing
    • Piety and Dead
    • Education and Writing
    • Medicine and Science
    • Dress and Fashion
    • Food and Feasting
    • Leisure and Entertainment
    • Travel and Transportation
    • Neighboring Peoples
  • Silk Road
    • The Landscape
    • Peoples of the silk road
    • Prelude to the silk road
    • Beginning of the silk road
    • Buddhism and Islam
    • The Mongol Empire
  • Book
  • Essays
    • Roman-and early chinese empires
    • Ancient empires bequeath
    • Empire and Hegemony
    • Aristocracy and Ruling Elite
    • Religion and Politics
    • Family in ancient
    • Contacts between han china
    • Policy of mass slaughter
  • Home
    • Sunny Y. Auyang
  • Cultural Comparison
    • The first age of empires
    • The rise and fall
    • Symbolisms
    • The founding emperors
    • Armies and Soldiers
    • Coinage and Economy
    • Cities and Housing
    • Piety and Dead
    • Education and Writing
    • Medicine and Science
    • Dress and Fashion
    • Food and Feasting
    • Leisure and Entertainment
    • Travel and Transportation
    • Neighboring Peoples
  • Silk Road
    • The Landscape
    • Peoples of the silk road
    • Prelude to the silk road
    • Beginning of the silk road
    • Buddhism and Islam
    • The Mongol Empire
  • Book
  • Essays
    • Roman-and early chinese empires
    • Ancient empires bequeath
    • Empire and Hegemony
    • Aristocracy and Ruling Elite
    • Religion and Politics
    • Family in ancient
    • Contacts between han china
    • Policy of mass slaughter
  • 首页
    • 欧阳莹之,Sunny Y. Auyang
  • 中西文化比较
    • 世界上第一个大帝国时代
    • 秦汉皇朝和罗马帝国兴亡史
    • 龙在中国与鹰在罗马的象征
    • 开国之君
    • 战士和军队
    • 钱币和经济
    • 城市房屋
    • 养生送死
    • 教育书写
    • 医药科学
    • 服饰发型
    • 食物饮宴
    • 休闲娱乐
    • 交通运输
    • 邻国民族
  • 丝路
    • 欧亚大陆腹地风光
    • 丝路上的民族
    • 丝路前奏
    • 丝路之始
    • 丝路上的佛教和伊斯兰教
    • 蒙古帝国和马可勃罗
  • 专书
  • 文集
    • 秦汉皇朝和罗马帝国兴亡史
    • 中西帝国的王、霸概念
    • 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的异同
    • 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的统治阶层
    • 中西交通的开始
    • 从齐取燕事件看孟子的政治思想
    • 责任道德与绝对信念道德:两个先秦实例
    • 儒家的人治与罗马的法治
    • 泛道德主义
    • 儒家圣王典范的腐化作用

Coinage and the economy in the Roman and Early Chinese Empires

The Roman Empire was more monetized than the Qin-Han Dynasty, but even the latter was more monetized than most ancient agrarian economies. The Romans minted coins of gold, silver, and bronze. The Chinese Empire issued only bronze coins; gold and later silver were used as ingots.
1. Roman coins.
图片
The Roman coinage doubled as a propaganda tool. Coins were frequently melted down and re-struck, bearing current messages. The most common designs were the image of the emperor or other grandees. (a) Image of Julius Caesar, with the inscription proclaiming his status as dictator. (b) Imperial image of Augustus standing on the globe. (c) Coin in the eastern provinces celebrating Augustus’ annexation of Cleopatra’s Egypt. (d) “Judea Morning”, issued 69-70CE upon suppression of a Jewish revolt. (e) Image of Rome’s founding myth: Romulus and Remus suckled by a wolf. (f) Coin commemorating the completion of the Colosseum.
2. Chinese coins.
图片
The Chinese warring states each cast their own bronze coins. They came in four basic types: Knife coins; spade coins with pointed or rounded shoulders; small shell-like coins; disc coins. The last type was used mainly in Qin. After Qin conquered the other states and united China, it standardized coinage. The Han Dynasty adopted Qin’s design, varying only the weight. The Han coin, shown disproportionately large, is a disc with a square hole, with a raised lip on the edge and inscription of the weight. The hole facilitates stringing these small-denomination coins into larger units. It became the basic design for two millennia in imperial China.
The early Roman Republic and early Qin-Han Dynasty were economies of small free holders who tilled their own land. With the widening of the wealth inequality gap, many peasants lost their farm and became tenant farmers. Here are two rent-collecting scenes. Notice two differences. First, the Roman tenant paid his rent in money, the Chinese paid in kind. Second, the account records held by the two landlords show the different writing materials in the two realms.
3. Roman rent collector.
图片
Tomb relief showing a tenant farmer bring in his rent, while the landlord checking his account book of wax tablets. Second or third century. (Landesmuseum, Trier).
4. Chinese rent collection.
图片
Tomb relief showing a landlord sitting in front of his house, holding bamboo strips of account record and watching tenants transferring grain from the cart to the receiving measure. Latter Han. (Guanghan County Cultural Institution, Sichuan).
The Roman and Chinese were both agrarian economies, where more than eighty percent of the population engaged in farming and related activities. Grain was the largest staple. The Romans were also famous for the production of olive and wine, the Chinese for silk.
图片
The plough and the lance are symbolic foundations of Roman civilization. Farmer-soldiers won an empire for themselves. (Museum of Roman Civilization, Rome).



農戰



“Farming and military readiness” was the policy of Shang Yang (d. 338 BCE), whose reforms changed Qin from a backward country to the unifier of China.
图片
Third century mosaic showing plowing. (Cherchel Museum, Algeria).
图片
Rubbing of a tomb relief showing ox-drawn plowing, which was becoming widespread in the Former Han Dynasty.  (Suining County, Jiansu).
5 Olive oil production.
图片
The olive grove was an important economic source for the Greco-Roman world. At harvest, the branches were beaten with long sticks. The fallen fruits were gathered and pressed to make olive oil. Oil was stored and transported in amphorae, some of which were recovered from sunken ships. Soil erosion was a big problem if plantations were not properly managed.
6. Silk production.
图片
Silkworm, the caterpillar of the insect order Lepidoptera, is an eating machine of mulberry leaves. After four molts, it produces a lustrous protein mixture that hardens into a fiber, with which it makes a cocoon. Humans unravel the cocoon by soaking it into hot water. Bundles of raw silk once served as a kind of currency along the early Silk Route.
7. Wine production.
图片
Mosaic showing three steps of wine making: gathering grapes among vine tendrils, bringing in the harvest, and treading the vintage. Fourth century. (Santa Costanza, Rome.)
8. Textile production.
图片
Rubbing of tomb relief showing a woman twisting silk yarns (right), another interlacing the threads with a weft wheel (middle), and a third weaving with a loom.  Latter Han. (Xuzhou, Jiangsu).
9. Roman fishermen.
图片
Fishing with a net. Detail of a second-century mosaic from Hadrumetum, Tunisia.
10. Chinese farmers, hunters, and fishermen.
图片
Fishing and hunting supplements farming for food. Latter Han tomb chamber decoration. (Chengdu).
Market places were bustling in both realms. Commerce in the Qin-Han Dynasty was mainly confined to designated markets. Shops also lined streets in Roman cities.
11. A Roman shop.
图片
A market scene on a relief in Ostia, the port of Rome. Second century. (Roger-Viollet, Paris).
12. A Chinese wine shop.
图片
A wine shop on a tomb relief in Peng County, Sichuan. Latter Han. (Xindu County Cultural Bureau).
13. The Haterii wheel.
图片
A human treadmill (lower left) helps to raise material for building project. (Tomb relief, Haterii).
14. A Chinese salt mine.
图片
Salt mining was a big industry Sichuan. The Han brick picture shows a derrick over a brine well. (Chengdu Museum).
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简体:  
首页
 - 欧阳莹之
中西文化比较
 - 世界上第一个大帝国时代
 - 秦汉皇朝和罗马帝国兴亡史
 - 龙在中国与鹰在罗马的象征
 - 开国之君
 - 战士和军队
 - 钱币和经济
 - 城市房屋
 - 养生送死
 - 教育书写
 - 医药科学
 - 服饰发型
 - 食物饮宴
 - 休闲娱乐
 - 交通运输
 - 邻国民族
丝路
 - 欧亚大陆腹地风光
 - 丝路上的民族
 - 丝路前奏
 - 丝路之始
 - 丝路上的佛教和伊斯兰教
 - 蒙古帝国和马可勃罗
专书
文集
 - 秦汉皇朝与罗马帝国兴亡史
 - 中西帝国的王、霸概念
 - 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的异同
 - 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的统治阶层
 - 中西交通的开始
 - 从齐取燕事件看孟子的政治思想
 - 责任道德与绝对信念道德:两个先秦实例
 - 泛道德主义
 - 儒家的人治与罗马的法治
 - 儒家圣王典范的腐化作用
繁體 :
首頁
 - 歐陽瑩之
中西文化比較
 - 世界上第一個大帝國時代
 - 秦漢皇朝和羅馬帝國興亡史
 - 龍在中國與鷹在羅馬的象徵
 - 開國之君
 - 戰士和軍隊
 - 錢幣和經濟
 - 城市房屋
 - 養生送死
 - 教育書寫
 - 醫藥科學
 - 服飾髮型
 - 食物飲宴
 - 休閒娛樂
 - 交通運輸
 - 鄰國民族
絲路
 - 歐亞大陸腹地風光
 - 絲路上的民族
 - 絲路前奏
 - 絲路之始
 - 絲路上的佛教和伊斯蘭教
 - 蒙古帝國和馬可勃羅
專書
文集(繁)
 - 秦漢皇朝與羅馬帝國興亡史
 - 中西帝國的王,霸概念
 - 中國皇朝與羅馬帝國的異同
 - 中國皇朝與羅馬帝國的統治階層
 - 中西交通的開始
 - 從齊取燕事件看孟子的政治思想
 - 責任道德與絕對信念道德:兩個先秦實例
 - 泛道德主義
​ - 儒家的人治與羅馬的法治
 - 儒家聖王典範的腐化作用
English:
HOME
 - Sunny Y. Auyang
CULTURAL COMPARISON
 - The First Age of Empires
 - The Rise and fall of the Roman and Early Chinese Empires
 - Symbolisms of the Chinese Dragon and Roman Eagle
 - The founding emperors
 - Armies and soldiers
 - Coinage and the economy
 - Cities and housing
 - Piety to the living and the dead
 - Education and writing
 - Medicine and science
 - Dress and fashion
 - Food and feasting
 - Leisure and entertainment
 - Travel and transportation
 - Neighboring peoples
SILK ROAD
 - The landscape of Central Eurasia
 - Peoples of the Silk Road
 - Prelude to the Silk Road
 - Beginning of the Silk Road
 - Buddhism and Islam along the Silk Road
 - The Mongol Empire and Marco Polo
BOOK
ESSAYS
 - The rise and fall of the Roman and Early Chinese Empires
 - China and Rome: What “culture genes” did the ancient empires bequeath?
 - Empire and hegemony
 - Aristocracy and the ruling elite
 - Religion and politics in ancient China and Rome
 - The family in ancient China and Rome
 - Contacts between Han China and the Roman Empire
 - Did Qin had a policy of mass slaughter?
  • 首页
    • 欧阳莹之,Sunny Y. Auyang
  • 中西文化比较
    • 世界上第一个大帝国时代
    • 秦汉皇朝和罗马帝国兴亡史
    • 龙在中国与鹰在罗马的象征
    • 开国之君
    • 战士和军队
    • 钱币和经济
    • 城市房屋
    • 养生送死
    • 教育书写
    • 医药科学
    • 服饰发型
    • 食物饮宴
    • 休闲娱乐
    • 交通运输
    • 邻国民族
  • 丝路
    • 欧亚大陆腹地风光
    • 丝路上的民族
    • 丝路前奏
    • 丝路之始
    • 丝路上的佛教和伊斯兰教
    • 蒙古帝国和马可勃罗
  • 专书
  • 文集
    • 秦汉皇朝和罗马帝国兴亡史
    • 中西帝国的王、霸概念
    • 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的异同
    • 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的统治阶层
    • 中西交通的开始
    • 从齐取燕事件看孟子的政治思想
    • 责任道德与绝对信念道德:两个先秦实例
    • 儒家的人治与罗马的法治
    • 泛道德主义
    • 儒家圣王典范的腐化作用