秦汉与罗马:评较中西的皇朝帝国



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  • Home
    • Sunny Y. Auyang
  • Cultural Comparison
    • The first age of empires
    • The rise and fall
    • Symbolisms
    • The founding emperors
    • Armies and Soldiers
    • Coinage and Economy
    • Cities and Housing
    • Piety and Dead
    • Education and Writing
    • Medicine and Science
    • Dress and Fashion
    • Food and Feasting
    • Leisure and Entertainment
    • Travel and Transportation
    • Neighboring Peoples
  • Silk Road
    • The Landscape
    • Peoples of the silk road
    • Prelude to the silk road
    • Beginning of the silk road
    • Buddhism and Islam
    • The Mongol Empire
  • Book
  • Essays
    • Roman-and early chinese empires
    • Ancient empires bequeath
    • Empire and Hegemony
    • Aristocracy and Ruling Elite
    • Religion and Politics
    • Family in ancient
    • Contacts between han china
    • Policy of mass slaughter
  • Home
    • Sunny Y. Auyang
  • Cultural Comparison
    • The first age of empires
    • The rise and fall
    • Symbolisms
    • The founding emperors
    • Armies and Soldiers
    • Coinage and Economy
    • Cities and Housing
    • Piety and Dead
    • Education and Writing
    • Medicine and Science
    • Dress and Fashion
    • Food and Feasting
    • Leisure and Entertainment
    • Travel and Transportation
    • Neighboring Peoples
  • Silk Road
    • The Landscape
    • Peoples of the silk road
    • Prelude to the silk road
    • Beginning of the silk road
    • Buddhism and Islam
    • The Mongol Empire
  • Book
  • Essays
    • Roman-and early chinese empires
    • Ancient empires bequeath
    • Empire and Hegemony
    • Aristocracy and Ruling Elite
    • Religion and Politics
    • Family in ancient
    • Contacts between han china
    • Policy of mass slaughter
  • 首页
    • 欧阳莹之,Sunny Y. Auyang
  • 中西文化比较
    • 世界上第一个大帝国时代
    • 秦汉皇朝和罗马帝国兴亡史
    • 龙在中国与鹰在罗马的象征
    • 开国之君
    • 战士和军队
    • 钱币和经济
    • 城市房屋
    • 养生送死
    • 教育书写
    • 医药科学
    • 服饰发型
    • 食物饮宴
    • 休闲娱乐
    • 交通运输
    • 邻国民族
  • 丝路
    • 欧亚大陆腹地风光
    • 丝路上的民族
    • 丝路前奏
    • 丝路之始
    • 丝路上的佛教和伊斯兰教
    • 蒙古帝国和马可勃罗
  • 专书
  • 文集
    • 秦汉皇朝和罗马帝国兴亡史
    • 中西帝国的王、霸概念
    • 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的异同
    • 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的统治阶层
    • 中西交通的开始
    • 从齐取燕事件看孟子的政治思想
    • 责任道德与绝对信念道德:两个先秦实例
    • 儒家的人治与罗马的法治
    • 泛道德主义
    • 儒家圣王典范的腐化作用

Armies and soldiers
Roman and Chinese military systems

Military system was a big difference between the Roman and early Chinese Empires. A peace-time standing army, some 300,000 strong, mostly life-time professionals, was a peculiarity of the Roman Empire. A pillar of the empire, it also became a source of political instability, as officer cabals gradually developed a taste of hailing their own emperors. The Qin and Former Han Dynasties, like the Roman Republic, depended on conscription. Rotating draftees serving year-long tours filled the main army when military needs arose. With their better developed civilian bureaucracy, the court had better control of the army.
图片
1. Trajan conquering Parthia.
Coin issued by Trajan in 115 CE, the year he reached the Persian Gulf. Trajan personally led the army in conquering Dacia and Mesopotamia. After his precedent, Roman emperors were obliged to campaign in person. When hostilities erupted in several fronts, the inability of the emperor to be everywhere often prompted usurpers.
图片
2. A tally for commanding troop movements.
A tiger-shaped tally by which the First Emperor moved particular units, this one for the troops in Yangling. The inscription says: “Military tally. The right side stays with the emperor, the left side stays in Yangling.” The troops obeyed commands only when the two matched sides combined. Such tallies had been in used since the warring-states period.
Infantry was always the main force of the Roman army. It displaced chariots on Chinese battlefields since the warring-states period.
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A legionary of the first century BCE, armed with javelin, sword, and shield.
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A Qin infantryman, probably holding sword and halberd.
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3. Roman swords.
A dagger and a sword in the style of gladius hispaniensis or Spanish stabbing sword, on which Roman legionary swords were based.
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4. Weapons for Qin's infantrymen.
Drawing of Qin weapons: a sword; a halberd, and a spear. The halberd was the favorite.
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5. The Roman tortois formation.
Fighting with locked shields, which required great cooperative discipline, was a characteristic of the Greco-Roman army. A supreme expression was the Roman testudo (tortoise) formation that protected soldiers from missiles. The picture illustrates its use in attacking a fort.
图片
6. A terracotta soldier with crossbow.
The crossbow was a favorite weapon of the Chinese infantry. Drawn with the help of legs, it was stronger than arm-drawn bows. Its mechanical trigger increased accuracy. Requiring less skill, it could be deployed en mass, which compensated for its rather low firing rate.
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7. A Roman cavalryman.
(Museum of Roman Civilization, Rome).
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8. A Han cavalryman.
(Burial object, Latter Han).
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9. A Roman crushing a Gaul.
Sarcophagus relief of a fourth century cavalry general in Gaul. Auxiliaries made up the bulk of the Roman cavalry. Like contemporaneous Chinese, the Romans lacked stirrups.
图片
10. The Parthian shot in China.
Detail of a Latter Han tomb relief showing a Chinese horseman executing what the Romans called the “Parthian shot”. Wars with northern nomads prompted the Chinese to practice mounted archery.
Battle scenes appear in Roman artworks of all kinds, as they receive thick descriptions in historiography. In contrast, they are rarely found in Chinese art and historiography.
11. Details of Trajan's Column.
图片
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Details from Trajan’s column and the column of Marcus Aurelius. Besides fighting and killing captives, the triumphant columns also show soldiers engaging in constructive activities.
12. Warring-states vessel showing battle scenes.
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A bronze vassal of the warring-states period depicts hunting, music playing, and other daily activities on the upper part, and on the lower, land, river, and siege warfare.
Rome’s large professional army constituted a world of its own. Its basis on the northern frontier seeded major European cities: Cologne, Bonn, Mainz, Vienna, Budapest, and Belgrade. The Chinese northern and northwestern frontier was in more desolate terrains. It defense relied more on civilian settlers and militia. Even garrison troops were often accompanied by families.
图片
13. A Roman fort defending Cologne.
Model of Fort Deutz defending Cologne, which became a military base in 50 BCE.
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15. The ruins of Roman fortress.
The foundation remains of a legionary fortress at Caerleon, South Wales. Serving the barracks are networks of waterworks and latrines.
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14. The Jade Gate.
Remains of the Jade Gate, which is deserted even by modern tourists of the Silk Road.
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16. From the life of garrisons on the Silk Road.
Items recovered from the site of a Former Han beacon tower 95 km from Dunhuang: A doll’s garment, a child’s shoe, an identification tag, a comb, and a piece of flax paper with writing brush.
17. A legionary camp on the Hadrian Wall.
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Aerial view of Hadrian’s Wall at Vercovicium in Britain, with a fort attached to its south side. (Jason Hawkes).
18. A farmer-soldier camp on the great wall.
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Arial view of the First Emperor’s wall in Guyang, Inner Mongolia. Its height and width are puny compared to the familiar Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1661).
19. A Roman defensive wall.
图片
Roman defensive walls were usually built of stone. This third century wall at Richborough, Britain, also used cement.
20. A Han defensive wall.
图片
Early Chinese walls were usually built of stamped earth. This Han wall also used locally available reeds and twigs.
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简体:  
首页
 - 欧阳莹之
中西文化比较
 - 世界上第一个大帝国时代
 - 秦汉皇朝和罗马帝国兴亡史
 - 龙在中国与鹰在罗马的象征
 - 开国之君
 - 战士和军队
 - 钱币和经济
 - 城市房屋
 - 养生送死
 - 教育书写
 - 医药科学
 - 服饰发型
 - 食物饮宴
 - 休闲娱乐
 - 交通运输
 - 邻国民族
丝路
 - 欧亚大陆腹地风光
 - 丝路上的民族
 - 丝路前奏
 - 丝路之始
 - 丝路上的佛教和伊斯兰教
 - 蒙古帝国和马可勃罗
专书
文集
 - 秦汉皇朝与罗马帝国兴亡史
 - 中西帝国的王、霸概念
 - 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的异同
 - 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的统治阶层
 - 中西交通的开始
 - 从齐取燕事件看孟子的政治思想
 - 责任道德与绝对信念道德:两个先秦实例
 - 泛道德主义
 - 儒家的人治与罗马的法治
 - 儒家圣王典范的腐化作用
繁體 :
首頁
 - 歐陽瑩之
中西文化比較
 - 世界上第一個大帝國時代
 - 秦漢皇朝和羅馬帝國興亡史
 - 龍在中國與鷹在羅馬的象徵
 - 開國之君
 - 戰士和軍隊
 - 錢幣和經濟
 - 城市房屋
 - 養生送死
 - 教育書寫
 - 醫藥科學
 - 服飾髮型
 - 食物飲宴
 - 休閒娛樂
 - 交通運輸
 - 鄰國民族
絲路
 - 歐亞大陸腹地風光
 - 絲路上的民族
 - 絲路前奏
 - 絲路之始
 - 絲路上的佛教和伊斯蘭教
 - 蒙古帝國和馬可勃羅
專書
文集(繁)
 - 秦漢皇朝與羅馬帝國興亡史
 - 中西帝國的王,霸概念
 - 中國皇朝與羅馬帝國的異同
 - 中國皇朝與羅馬帝國的統治階層
 - 中西交通的開始
 - 從齊取燕事件看孟子的政治思想
 - 責任道德與絕對信念道德:兩個先秦實例
 - 泛道德主義
​ - 儒家的人治與羅馬的法治
 - 儒家聖王典範的腐化作用
English:
HOME
 - Sunny Y. Auyang
CULTURAL COMPARISON
 - The First Age of Empires
 - The Rise and fall of the Roman and Early Chinese Empires
 - Symbolisms of the Chinese Dragon and Roman Eagle
 - The founding emperors
 - Armies and soldiers
 - Coinage and the economy
 - Cities and housing
 - Piety to the living and the dead
 - Education and writing
 - Medicine and science
 - Dress and fashion
 - Food and feasting
 - Leisure and entertainment
 - Travel and transportation
 - Neighboring peoples
SILK ROAD
 - The landscape of Central Eurasia
 - Peoples of the Silk Road
 - Prelude to the Silk Road
 - Beginning of the Silk Road
 - Buddhism and Islam along the Silk Road
 - The Mongol Empire and Marco Polo
BOOK
ESSAYS
 - The rise and fall of the Roman and Early Chinese Empires
 - China and Rome: What “culture genes” did the ancient empires bequeath?
 - Empire and hegemony
 - Aristocracy and the ruling elite
 - Religion and politics in ancient China and Rome
 - The family in ancient China and Rome
 - Contacts between Han China and the Roman Empire
 - Did Qin had a policy of mass slaughter?
  • 首页
    • 欧阳莹之,Sunny Y. Auyang
  • 中西文化比较
    • 世界上第一个大帝国时代
    • 秦汉皇朝和罗马帝国兴亡史
    • 龙在中国与鹰在罗马的象征
    • 开国之君
    • 战士和军队
    • 钱币和经济
    • 城市房屋
    • 养生送死
    • 教育书写
    • 医药科学
    • 服饰发型
    • 食物饮宴
    • 休闲娱乐
    • 交通运输
    • 邻国民族
  • 丝路
    • 欧亚大陆腹地风光
    • 丝路上的民族
    • 丝路前奏
    • 丝路之始
    • 丝路上的佛教和伊斯兰教
    • 蒙古帝国和马可勃罗
  • 专书
  • 文集
    • 秦汉皇朝和罗马帝国兴亡史
    • 中西帝国的王、霸概念
    • 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的异同
    • 中国皇朝与罗马帝国的统治阶层
    • 中西交通的开始
    • 从齐取燕事件看孟子的政治思想
    • 责任道德与绝对信念道德:两个先秦实例
    • 儒家的人治与罗马的法治
    • 泛道德主义
    • 儒家圣王典范的腐化作用